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Methanol Spray Characterisation with Different Fuel Additives under Flash Boiling Conditions [dataset] Open Access

This study explores the macroscopic spray behaviour of methanol and its oxygenated blends MTBE5 (5 vol% methyl tert-butyl ether), A5 (5 vol% acetone), and E5 (5 vol% 2-ethylhexyl nitrate) at a fixed low ambient pressure of 40 mbar while varying liquid injection pressure from 40 to 100 bar. By keeping the flash-boiling environment and injector configuration fixed, the study provides a controlled comparison of how additive chemistry alters methanol spray development. High-speed Schlieren imaging and image-based analysis were used to examine, four key spray features; namely cone angle, spray penetration, spray area, and spray width. The results show that higher injection pressures generally promote broader and more uniform macroscopic spray development, however, the additive-specific response remained distinct under identical operating conditions. Among the blends, MTBE5 showed an approximate 8% increase in cone angle during injection, forming wide and stable sprays due to its favourable balance of low surface tension and sustained lateral plume growth. The A5 blend, by contrast, produced sprays with the strongest forward momentum and most consistent penetration, particularly at moderate pressures (40-80 bar), however, it showed reduced stability at the higher pressures. Pure methanol displayed narrower but moderately stable sprays, while E5 generated the widest sprays but with noticeable instability in the breakup region and spatial distribution. These results show that chemically distinct oxygenated additives do not modify methanol spray behaviour in the same way; rather, each additive produces a different balance of lateral expansion, axial penetration, and repeatability under the same flash-boiling condition. This provides a controlled basis for additive selection in methanol-fuelled injection systems.

Descriptions

Resource type

Dataset

Contributors

Creator: Debnath, Victor ¹
Contact person: Debnath, Victor ¹
Editor: Nadimia, Ebrahim ¹
Editor: Attar, Hassan Mohammadsami ²
Editor: Begg, Steven ³
Contact person: Wu, Dawei ¹
Editor: Wu, Dawei ¹

¹ Durham University, UK
² King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia
³ University of Brighton, UK

Funder

Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council

Research methods

This study uses an experimental optical diagnostic method to investigate the spray characteristics of methanol and methanol-based fuel blends under flash-boiling conditions. Spray tests are conducted in a constant-volume chamber at low ambient pressure using a six-hole GDI injector. High-speed Schlieren imaging is used to capture the temporal spray development, and a MATLAB-based image-processing method is applied to extract key macroscopic spray parameters, including spray cone angle, tip penetration, projected spray area, and spray width. The experimental matrix includes pure methanol and methanol blended with 5 vol% MTBE, acetone, and 2-ethylhexyl nitrate, tested at different injection pressures from 40 to 100 bar under a fixed ambient pressure of 40 mbar.

Other description

The research focuses on understanding how different oxygenated fuel additives influence methanol spray behaviour in a severe flash-boiling environment. The work provides a controlled comparison of additive-specific effects on lateral spray expansion, axial penetration, spray stability, and plume development. The study is entirely laboratory-based and uses optical measurement and image analysis; it does not involve human participants, animals, personal data, or clinical samples. The findings are intended to support future development of methanol-fuelled injection systems and cleaner combustion technologies.

Keyword

Experimental Test Data

Subject

Methanol--Combustion
Methanol as fuel
Methanol--Nucleate boiling
Fuel--Additives

Location

Language

Cited in

doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2026.140370

Identifier

ark:/32150/r1ks65hc27h
doi:10.15128/r1ks65hc27h

Rights

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY)

Publisher

Durham University

Date Created

File Details

Depositor

V. Debnath

Date Uploaded

16 December 2025, 12:12:05

Date Modified

25 June 2026, 11:06:17

Audit Status

Audits have not yet been run on this file.

Characterization

File format: vnd.ms-excel (Microsoft Excel 2007+, OpenDocument Text)

Mime type: application/vnd.ms-excel

File size: 30766

Last modified: 2026:06:25 10:10:00+01:00

Filename: Test_Data-r1ks65hc27h-version1a.xlsx

Original checksum: 373d02e404769c410dcf9f0f463302e3